Major Morbidity and mortality is because of Viral ailments worldwide is threat for public health. Researches have been carried out on antiviral activity against several animal and human viruses in all over the world. As per World health Organisation Novel, Corona Virus Pneumonia, named COVID-19 has spread widely since December 2019. Till today there is no established drug to combat symptom of COVID-19. It is a big challenge to develop the specific drug for SARS-CoV-2. This work highlights the Ayurvedic medications described in the main Ayurvedic Classic i.e. Charaka samhita as per symptoms of Conona Virus Pneumonia. The Diet, Lifestyle, ethno-medicinal use of plants, formulations etc described in Charaka Samhita may be helpful in determining the real potential usefulness for the treatment of Viral diseases. The data by this particular work can be taken to initiate further researches for rationalizing the use in primary health care for Viral Diseases.

Keywords: Ayurveda, COVID, Respiratory, Virus

Introduction

Virus related diseases are difficult to control and very less medicines are available for treatment due to the metabolic properties of virus.[1] Maximum morbidity and mortality is because of Viral diseases worldwide which is threat for public health.[2] In 2003, severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) was spread and were treated with Traditional Chinese medicine and improved of symptoms.[3]

The SARS-CoV-2 is a zoonotic virus belongs to Coronaviridae family the subgenus Sarbeco virus which can infect human and several animal species and mostly resembles a bat coronavirus, with which it shares 96.2% sequence homology.[4],[5] The genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 shared 79.5% sequence identity to severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronaviruses (SARS-CoV). It has total of 39 species under Riboviria group, of Coronaviridae family, Cornidovirineae suborder and Nidovirales order.[6] Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), Human coronavirus (HCoV-HKU1), SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), belong to the beta-coronavirus genus.

Currently, it has been established that SARS-CoV-2 shares sequence homology with the SARS-CoV and a bat coronavirus.[7] In spite of its similarity to SARS-CoV, its transmission efficiency and diagnostic methods are rather different. The unique factor is probably the nucleotide changes in the spike (S) protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD). [8],[9],[10] In addition, the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV enters human alveolar epithelial cells through binding angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.[11],[12]

As per World health Organisation Novel Corona Virus Pneumonia, named COVID-19 has spread widely since December 2019.[13],[14],[15] In the second meeting of the Emergency Committee held on 30 January 2020 and discussed that this is epidemic to be a public health emergency of the international concern.[16] On February 11, 2020, WHO officially named the viral disease COVID-19.[17],[18]

Many studies have been carried out on antiviral activity against several animal and human viruses in all over the world.[19] Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes, hepatitis and influenza are available antiviral drugs which target these four major groups of viruses.[20] Neutralizing antibody responses raised against SARS-S can treat SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may have implications for outbreak control.[22]

Natural Sources to combat Viral Diseases:

Indian medicinal drugs are a promising field for treatment of different diseases.[22] The antiviral effects of medicinal plants have played a tremendous role at different stages of viral growth.[23] Himalayan forests have affluent medicinal plant species which have ethnomedicinal uses against bronchitis.[24] Plant derived pharmacological formulations marked a major contribution for viral infections.[25] Megha et al has recently established some selected plants for inhibition of SARS-COV-2 main protease by molecular docking Analysis and concluded that several compounds have binding affinity against both the COVID-19 protease (6LU7 protease and 6Y2E protease) and compare well with a known Anti-HIV drug, Saquinavir.[26] Synthetic drugs have been replaced by medicinal plants, as life-saving drugs.[27] in various viral diseases. Study also suggest that, nelfinavir and lopinavir may represent potential treatment options, and kaempferol, quercetin,luteolin-7-glucoside, demethoxycurcumin, naringenin, apigenin-7-glucoside, oleuropein, curcumin, catechin, and epicatechin-gallate were the most recommended compounds established in medicinal plants that may act as potential inhibitors of COVID-19 Mpro.[28]

Till today there is no established drug to combat symptoms of COVID-19. It is a big challenge for researchers to develop the specific drug for SARS-CoV-2. Various plants are being used as natural sources to treat many respiratory diseases.

Among all of them, Coriandrum Sativum (Coriandrin)[29], Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glanridin) [30], vegetables of cruciferous family such as cabbage and broccoli and mustard (Glucobrassicin glucosinolate)[31], Apple peels (ursolic acid), Cucurbit vegetables (hederagenin), olive oil (Oleanolic acid), resemarry and thyme or mint family plants (Sageone), Glycyrrhiza glabra (glabridin), Clove oil[32], Nigella Sativa and cucurbitaceas vegetables like Luffa cylindrica and Momordica dioica (Hederagenin) [33], [34], Indigofera tinctoria (AO), Vitex trifolia, Gymnema sylvestre, Abutilon indicum, Leucas aspera, Cassia alata, Sphaeranthus indicus, Clitoriaternatea, Clerodendruminerme Gaertn, Pergulariadaemi and Evolvulus alsinoides in Tamil Nadu, [35] Vitex trifolia and Sphaeranthus indicus[36], [37], Clitoria ternatea[38], Glycyrrhiza glabra and Allium sativum [39], [40], Clerodendrum inerme Gaertn[41], Strobilanthes Cusia[42], Hyoscyamus niger[43], Hyoscyamus niger, Justicia adhatoda and Verbascum Thapsus[44], Coriandrum sativum[45], Punicagranatum[46], [47], Andrographis paniculata (kalmegh) [48], [49], [50], Acacia nilotica[51], Eugenia jambolana[52], Euphorbia granulate[53], Ocimum sanctum[54], Ocimumkilim and scharicum[55], Solanumnigrum[56], Vitex negundo[57], Sambucus ebulus[58]. All above Natural Sources, may have potential to treat COVID-19 and can be promising drugs for various viral diseases.

Chinease Medicines

National Health Commission (NHC) of the People’s Republic of China, on 17 February 2020 reported that 60,107 confirmed COVID-19 patients (85.20% of total confirmed cases) had been treated with Traditional Chinaese medicine (TCM). [59] WHO also concluded "to date, there is no specific medicine recommended to prevent or treat SARS-CoV-2".[60] Also it is reported that some of the Asian populations are more susceptible to acquire this COVID-19 infection when compared to the other races populations. [61] In China, Convalescent plasma has been used for severe SARS-CoV-2 infection[62], although promising, the efficacy and safety need to be carefully further evaluated. It is reported that the patients with SARS-CoV infection have benefited from TCM treatment[63], including amelioration of side effect of conventional therapeutics[64], [65]. Herbs used in TCM include nephrotoxins and mutagens[66], while the toxicology of Chinese herbal medicines remain to be fully understood. [67]

Ayurveda:

Among different systems, Ayurvedic system has rich cultural heritage. [68] Ayurveda, An Ancient science of life can also treat the diseases of Viral origine with the use of various parts of plants. [69] There are many published researches found related to Ayurvedic medication for treatment of Viral diseases.

Charakastu Chikitsite:

However, trials on Ayurvedic remedies for the treatment of Novel Corona Virus Pneumonia are a challenge. This work highlights the Ayurvedic medications described in the main Ayurvedic Classic i.e. Charaka samhita as per symptoms of Conona Virus Pneumonia. This approach will be helpful to narrow down the various medications in a relatively short time with limited resources. It may also provide future guideline for clinical use of Ayurvedic remedies. As we all know that the Potential of Ayurvedic medicines are great at the same time we have to be aware of challenges and limitations of it. Ayurvedic remedies should be evaluated carefully designed clinical trials. Many plants have also shown inhibitory actions towards HIV proteases, these plants can be promising drugs for COVID-19.

Charaka Samhita Diagnostic aspect of Respiratory Infectious Diseases

As per, Symptoms of Vatashleshmika Jwara and Vishama Jwara, Shirograha, Pratishyaya, Kasa, Swedapravartana, Santap, Dyspnoea, Mukhashosha, Parshvaruka are described. [70], [71] In Rajayakshma Ekadash Lakshana, kasa, Santapa, Jwara, Swasa etc were described. [72] Janapadodhwansa chapter of Charaka Samhita is a chapter for the study of Epidemics. Air, water, place and time are by nature important in progressive order because of the gedree of their indispensability. Inspite of these epidemic producing factors being deranged, the persons managed with preventive therapy remain immune against the diseases. [73]

Charaka Samhita Preventive aspect of Respiratory Infectious Diseases:

In Sutrasthana, Acharya Charaka also suggested Kasahara, Swasahara and Jwarahara Mahakashaya in which he has described ten plants for each condition. [74] Acharya Charaka has also described importance of Goat milk in cough and fever. [75] Honey can lequidify the thickness of cough. [76] Rasayana drugs prepared from Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra) were found to be effective in mangement of tuberculosis with anti-Koch’s treatment. [77]

In Charaka samhita, while describing the Dinacharya, importance of Nasya karma described and for that two drops of Anu Taila should be applied for the prevention of any diseases related to upper scapular region. Ingredients of Anu Taila are well established in researches about its activity on lung epithelial cells, it closely represents the cellular composition of the nasal passage. Hence, Anu Taila can be used as a potential poly-herbal medicine for COVID-19 related ailments. [78] For prevention of new born and mother from different infections; For Fumigation of clothing, cots, beddings and coverings; barley, mustard, linseed, asafoetida, guggulu, etc herbs mixed with Ghee should be used. [79]

One can also adopt Vasant Rutucharya (Spring season) for prevention of diseases. [80] During Spring, the accumulated Kapha irritated by the strong rays of the sun distributes the body heats and thus causes many diseases. Hence, during Spring, evacuative measures like Vaman (Vomitting) etc should be applied and heavy, fatty and sweet diet as well as day-sleep should be avoided. One should use regularly during blossoming of flowers physical exercise, anointing, smoking, gargles, cooyrium and bath etc with warm water. He should use paste of Sandal and Agaru (Aquilaria malaccensis) on the body and diet mainly consisting barley and wheat. One should enjoy the blossoming beauty of women and forests.

Patolpatra (Trichosanthes dioica), Kulaka (Diospyros tomentosa, Rox), Papachelika (patha) (Cissampelos pareira L.), Karkotaka (Momordica dioica) and kathillaka (Boerhavia diffusa Linn)- these vegetables are wholesome for those suffering from fever. [81] The patient of fever having cough, dyspnoea and hiccup should take the gruel cooked with Vidarigandhadi group which is appetiser and diaphoretic. [82]

Charaka Samhita Ayurvedic Formulations of Respiratory Infectious Diseases:

Pippali Rasayana is also useful for cough, duspnoea, throat problems, Fever etc.[83], Pippalyadi Ghrita overcomes wasting, cough, headache, pain in chest, discomfort in scapular region and irregular digestion.[84] Vasadi Ghrita is efficacious in chronic Fever. [85] Baladi Ghrita removes wasting, headache, pain in sides and discomfort in scapular regions. [86]

In Rajayakshma, different linctus formulations are described in cough, derangement of voice, dyspnoea and hiccup and also the preparations of fats which alleviate pain in head, sides and shoulders.[87] Ghee mixed with dates, mridwika, sugar, honey and long papper alleviates impairment of voice, cough, dyspnoea and fever. The fresh ghee taken out of milk boiled with dashamula mixed with Pippali and honey awakens voice and alleviates pain in head, sides and shoulders, cough, dyspnoea and fever. Ghee cooked with milk and its four times decoction of five Panchamulas wins over the troop of Yakshma, consisting of six symptoms and hiccup. The following four formulations, said in half verse should be taken along with honey and ghee. These alleviate cough, dyspnoea, impairment of voice and pain in side. 1. Kharjura (Phoenix dactylifera), Pippali (Piper longum) , Draksha (Vitis vinifera), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Shrungi (Pistacia integerrima) and Duralabha (Fagonia cretica) 2. Trifala (Emblica officinalis, Terminalia bellirica and Terminalia chebula), Pippali, Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Shrungata (Trapa bispinosa Roxb.), Jaggery and sugar 3. Vira (Rallus limicola), shati (Curcuma zedoaria), Pushkarmula (Inula racemosa), surasa (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Sugar and Jaggery and 4. Dry ginger (Zingiber officinale), Chitraka (Plumbago zeylanica), Parched Paddy, Pippali, Amalaki fruit and Jaggery.

Sitopaladi Churna is efficacious in dyspnoea, cough, fever, benumbed tongue, anorexia, poor appetite and pain in sides. Jivantyadi Ghrita is excellent ghee alleviates the eleven fold symptomatology of the king of diseases accompanied by multitude of disorders.[88] Talisadi Churna is an excellent appetiser, alleviates heart disease, Anaemia, Grahaniroga, phthisis, splenomegaly, fever, vomitting, diarrhoea and carminates the confounded Vata. This powder by cooking the sugarcandy may be made into tablets which are lighter than the powder due to contact with fire. [89] Agastya Haritaki removes wrinckles and greying of hairs and promotes complecion, life-span and strength. It alleviates five types of cough, wasting, dyspnoeas, hiccup, intermittent fever, piles, Grahani disorders, heart disease, Anorexia and Coryza. This wholesome Rasayana formulated by Agastya is excellent.[90] Katafaladi Kwatha taken mixed with honey and Asafoetida in cough caused by Vata and Kapha, Throat disorders, Swelling of mouth, Dyspnoea, Hiccup and Fever. [91] Kasamardadi Ghrita is wholesome and alleviates phthisis, fever, spleenomegaly and all type of cough. [92]

Herbal Medicinal plants for Respiratory Infectious Diseases:

Withania somnifera L. as an adjuvant in conjunction with antituberculosis (TB) drugs used as directly observed treatment, short-course (DOTS) showed a favourable effect on symptoms and immunological parameters in patients with pulmonary TB. [93] Ayurveda rasayana such as Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), Asparagus racemosus (Shatavari), Phylanthus emblica (Amalaki), etc. also have immunomodulatory properties, and may have the potential to bolster health and immunity of the community in the fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. [94] Glycyrrhiza glabra (Mulethi), is Kaphahara which means it decreases the mucus production in lungs. [95] Tulasi has anti-asthmatic activity of Tulsi against histamine induced bronchospasm. [96] Cinnamomum zeylanicum (Dalchini) is analgesic, anti-pyretic, immunomodulatory. [97] properties. Pistacia integerrima (Karkatashringi) is used for various respiratory diseases abolishes the Broncho provocative response and bronchoconstriction.[98],[99] Cressa cretica (Rudanti) exhibits Bronchodilatory and mast cell stabilising activity and antitussive activity.[100] Piper nigrum (Maricha) and Piper longum (Pippali) are used for treating various bronchial diseases, tuberculosis, due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, [101] , [102] Syzygium aromaticum (Lavanga) inhibits eosinophilia, cytokine levels in a NF-κB pathway dependent manner in lungs. [103] Anacyclus pyrethrum . (Akarkara) exerts immune modulatory and immune stimulating properties. [104]

Abhraka bhasma, Mukta shukti bhasma is a calcined mica ash that has anti-inflammatory properties and provides relief from chronic and incessant cough and respiratory illnesses and lung diseases. [105], [106], [107]Kapardak bhasma is has reported anti asthmatic properties.[108] Godanti bhasma has anti-inflammatory function and antipyretic activity. [109] [110]

Conclusion:

Viral Diseases are giving fright to public because the Anti-viral treatment of particular Viral disease is varying as per gene of virus. It is also said that if the Immunity of people is at its best level than one can overcome easily from the symptoms of Viral Diseases. Recently, Corona Virus has become unprecedented health disaster. Still there is no drug is established for the same. Ayurveda is the only science where the prevention aspect has given more importance than curative. The Diet, Lifestyle, ethno-medicinal use of plants, formulations etc described in Charaka Samhita may be helpful in determining the real potential usefulness for the treatment of Viral diseases. The Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, the national regulatory body of pharmaceutical and medical devices has permitted Ayurveda, Homeopathy and Siddha practitioners to conduct research at COVID-19.The data by this particular work can be taken to initiate further researches on Ayurveda for rationalizing the use in primary health care for Viral Diseases.

Research Officer, Regional Ayurveda Research Institute for Skin Disorders, Ahmedabad, CCRAS, Ministry of AYUSH
** Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Science, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad

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